Magic numbers are the first bits of a file which uniquely identify the type of file. This makes programming easier because complicated file structures need not be searched in order to identify the file type.

For example, a jpeg file starts with ffd8 ffe0 0010 4a46 4946 0001 0101 0047 ......JFIF.....G ffd8 shows that it's a JPEG file, and ffe0 identify a JFIF type structure. There is an ascii encoding of "JFIF" which comes after a length code, but that is not necessary in order to identify the file. The first 4 bytes do that uniquely.

This gives an ongoing list of file-type magic numbers.

A Beginners Guide To Things To Do After Installing Ubuntu.

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade

Ubuntu has several repositories from where it provides software for your system. Enabling all these repositories will give you access to more software and proprietary drivers.

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TLDR: JWTs should not be used for keeping your user logged in. They are not designed for this purpose, they are not secure, and there is a much better tool which is designed for it: regular cookie sessions.

If you've got a bit of time to watch a presentation on it, I highly recommend this talk: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pYeekwv3vC4 (Note that other topics are largely skimmed over, such as CSRF protection. You should learn about other topics from other sources. Also note that "valid" usecases for JWTs at the end of the video can also be easily handled by other, better, and more secure tools. Specifically, PASETO.)

A related topic: Don't use localStorage (or sessionStorage) for authentication credentials, including JWT tokens: https://www.rdegges.com/2018/please-stop-using-local-storage/

The reason to avoid JWTs comes down to a couple different points:

• The JWT specification is specifically designed only for very short-live tokens (~5 minute or less). Sessions

The following are examples of the four types rate limiters discussed in the accompanying blog post. In the examples below I've used pseudocode-like Ruby, so if you're unfamiliar with Ruby you should be able to easily translate this approach to other languages. Complete examples in Ruby are also provided later in this gist.

In most cases you'll want all these examples to be classes, but I've used simple functions here to keep the code samples brief.

This uses a basic token bucket algorithm and relies on the fact that Redis scripts execute atomically. No other operations can run between fetching the count and writing the new count.

1. Open Chrome Developer tools and click the Network tab.
2. Navigate to the page with the video and get it to start playing.
3. Filter the list of files to "m3u8".
4. Find master.m3u8 or index.m3u8 and click on it.
5. Save the file to disk and look inside it.
6. If the file contains a single m3u8 master url, copy that one instead.
7. Run the program m3u8x.
8. Paste the same m3u8 url in both textboxes (URL and Quality URL) and click "Headers" and set the referral url and user-agent from the request as found in Chrome.

Paprika doesn't have their API documented, so this is me reverse-engineering it from an Android device

https://knowing-grain.glitch.me/

Code: https://glitch.com/edit/#!/knowing-grain